Arc Length
Article objectives
One revolution has a radian measure of 2π rad. Note that 2π is the ratio of the circumference (i.e. total arc length) C of a circle to its radius r:
$$\text{Radian measure of 1 revolution} = 2π = \frac{2πr}{ r} = \frac{C}{ r} = \frac{\text{total arc length}}{ \text{radius}}$$
Clearly, that ratio is independent of r. In general, the radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the arc length cut off by the corresponding central angle in a circle to the radius of the circle, independent of the radius.
To see this, recall our formal definition of a radian: the central angle in a circle of radius r which intercepts an arc of length r. So suppose that we have a circle of radius r and we place a central angle with radian measure 1 on top of another central angle with radian measure 1, as in Figure 1. Clearly, the combined central angle of the two angles has radian measure 1+1 = 2, and the combined arc length is r+r = 2r.
Now suppose that we cut the angle with radian measure 1 in half, as in Figure 2. Clearly, this cuts the arc length r in half as well. Thus, we see that
$$\text{Angle = 1 radian ⇒ arc length =} r ,$$ $$\text{Angle = 2 radians ⇒ arc length =} 2r ,$$ $$\text{Angle }= \frac{1}{ 2}\text{ radian ⇒ arc length = }\frac{1}{ 2}r ,$$
and in general, for any θ ≥ 0,
$$\text{Angle }= θ\text{ radians ⇒ arc length = }θ r ,$$
so that
$$θ = \frac{arc length}{ radius}$$
Intuitively, it is obvious that shrinking or magnifying a circle preserves the measure of a central angle even as the radius changes. The above discussion says more, namely that the ratio of the length s of an intercepted arc to the radius r is preserved, precisely because that ratio is the measure of the central angle in radians (see Figures 3 and 4).
We thus get a simple formula for the length of an arc:
In a circle of radius r, let s be the length of an arc intercepted by a central angle with radian measure θ ≥ 0. Then the arc length s is:
$$s = r θ\;\;\;\;\;(1)$$
Example 1
In a circle of radius r = 2 cm, what is the length s of the arc intercepted by a central angle of measure θ = 1.2 rad ?
Solution: Using formula 1, we get:
$$s = r θ = (2) (1.2) = \boxed{2.4 cm}$$
Example 2
In a circle of radius r = 10 ft, what is the length s of the arc intercepted by a central angle of measure θ = 41◦ ?
Solution: Using formula 1 blindly with θ = 41◦, we would get s = r θ = (10) (41) = 410 ft. But this impossible, since a circle of radius 10 ft has a circumference of only 2π(10) ≈ 62.83 ft! Our error was in using the angle θ measured in degrees, not radians. So first convert θ = 41◦ to radians, then use s = r θ:
$$= 41^\circ = \frac{π}{180} · 41 = 0.716 rad ⇒ s = \frac{r}{ θ} = (10) (0.716) = \boxed{7.16 ft}$$
Note that since the arc length s and radius r are usually given in the same units, radian measure is really unitless, since you can think of the units canceling in the ratio \(\frac{s}{r}\) , which is just θ. This is another reason why radians are so widely used.
Example 3
A central angle in a circle of radius 5 m cuts off an arc of length 2 m. What is the measure of the angle in radians? What is the measure in degrees?
Solution: Letting r = 5 and s = 2 in formula 1, we get: $$θ = \frac{s}{ r} = \frac{2}{ 5} = \boxed{0.4 rad}$$
In degrees, the angle is:
$$θ = 0.4 rad = \frac{180 }{π} · 0.4 = \boxed{22.92^\circ}$$
For central angles θ > 2π rad, i.e. θ > 360◦, it may not be clear what is meant by the intercepted arc, since the angle is larger than one revolution and hence “wraps around” the circle more than once. We will take the approach that such an arc consists of the full circumference plus any additional arc length determined by the angle. In other words, formula 1 is still valid for angles θ > 2π rad.
What about negative angles? In this case using s = r θ would mean that the arc length is negative, which violates the usual concept of length. So we will adopt the convention of only using non-negative central angles when discussing arc length.
Example 4
A rope is fastened to a wall in two places 8 ft apart at the same height. A cylindrical container with a radius of 2 ft is pushed away from the wall as far as it can go while being held in by the rope, as in Figure 5 which shows the top view. If the center of the container is 3 feet away from the point on the wall midway between the ends of the rope, what is the length L of the rope?
Solution: We see that, by symmetry, the total length of the rope is L = 2 (AB+arc BC). Also, notice that △ADE is a right triangle, so the hypotenuse has length AE = \(\sqrt{DE^2 +DA^2}\) = \(\sqrt{3^2 +4^2}\) = 5 ft, by the Pythagorean Theorem. Now since AB is tangent to the circular container, we know that \(\angle\)ABE* is a right angle. So by the Pythagorean Theorem we have
$$AB = \sqrt{AE^2 −BE^2} = \sqrt{5^2 −2^2} = \sqrt{21} ft. $$
By formula 1 the arc BC has length BE · θ, where θ = \(\angle\)BEC is the supplement of \(\angle\)AED+\(\angle\)AEB*. So since
$$tan \angle{AED} = \frac{4}{ 3} ⇒ \angle{AED} = 53.1^\circ \text{and} cos \angle{AEB} = \frac{BE}{ AE} = \frac{2}{ 5} ⇒ \angle{AEB} = 66.4^\circ ,$$
we have
$$θ = \angle{BEC} = 180^\circ − (\angle{AED}+\angle{AEB}) = 180^\circ − (53.1^\circ +66.4^\circ) = 60.5^\circ .$$
Converting to radians, we get θ = \(\frac{π }{180}\) · 60.5 = 1.06 rad. Thus,
$$L = 2(AB + · arc BC) = 2(\sqrt{21} + BE·θ) = 2(\sqrt{21} + (2) (1.06)) = 13.4 ft .$$
Example 5
The centers of two belt pulleys, with radii of 5 cm and 8 cm, respectively, are 15 cm apart. Find the total length L of the belt around the pulleys.
Solution: In Figure 6 we see that, by symmetry, L = 2 (arc DE+EF +arc FG).
First, at the center B of the pulley with radius 8, draw a circle of radius 3, which is the difference in the radii of the two pulleys. Let C be the point where this circle intersects \(\overline{BF}\). Then we know that the tangent line \(\overline{AC}\) to this smaller circle is perpendicular to the line segment BF. Thus, \(\angle\)ACB is a right angle, and so the length of \(\overline{AC}\) is
$$AC = \sqrt{AB^2 −BC^2} = \sqrt{15^2 −3^2} = \sqrt{216} = 6\sqrt{6}$$
by the Pythagorean Theorem. Now since AE ⊥ EF and EF ⊥ CF and CF ⊥ AC, the quadrilateral AEFC must be a rectangle. In particular, EF = AC, so EF = 6\(\sqrt{6}\).
By formula 1 we know that DE = EA ·\(\angle\)DAE and FG = BF ·\(\angle\)GBF, where the angles are measured in radians. So thinking of angles in radians (using π rad = 180◦), we see from Figure 6 that
$$\angle{DAE} = π − \angle{EAC} − \angle{BAC} = π − \frac{π }{2} − \angle{BAC} = \frac{π }{2} − \angle{BAC}, $$
where
$$sin \angle{BAC} = \frac{BC}{ AB} = \frac{3}{ 15} = 0.2 ⇒ \angle{BAC} = 0.201 rad.$$
Thus, \(\angle\)DAE = \(\frac{π}{ 2}\) − 0.201 = 1.37 rad. So since \(\overline{AE}\) and \(\overline{BF}\) are parallel, we have \(\angle\)ABC = \(\angle\)DAE = 1.37 rad. Thus, \(\angle\)GBF = π − \(\angle\)ABC = π − 1.37 = 1.77 rad. Hence,
$$L = 2 (arc DE + EF + arc FG) = 2 (5 (1.37) + 6\sqrt{6} + 8 (1.77)) = \boxed{71.41 cm}$$